In this article, we have collected some useful tips that will help you figure out where to start, what is more profitable to do and how much money you will need to start.

The right to farm, according to the legislation in force in Russia, has any capable citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 16, as well as any foreign citizen or stateless person.

At the same time, the husband or wife of the head of the household, the parents of both spouses, as well as their immediate relatives, including grandparents, brothers, sisters, children and grandchildren, can become members of such an entity, provided that they have reached the age of 16 and are members of more than 3 different families.

In addition, people who are not related to other participants and the head of the farm can become members of the farm, but the number of such members is limited - there should be no more than five people. Regardless of the presence of family ties, all participants in the farm must be directly involved in economic activities.

If the farm is created by one individual. person, it is enough to go through the appropriate state registration procedure, in accordance with the procedure established by the currently applicable Russian legislation, but if there are several members in the farm, they must enter into a multilateral agreement on the joint conduct of economic activities.

Since the property of a farm enterprise is the common property of its members, upon leaving its membership, a participant has the right to financial compensation.

How to draw up an agreement on the creation of a private farm

The agreement on the establishment of a farm must include the following information:

• about the members of the future farm;
• on the appointment of the head of the farm;
• on the procedure for forming the property of a farm;
• on the ownership, use and disposal of such property;
• about the duties and rights of each of the parties to this agreement, including the chapter;
• on the admission of new members to the farm and the procedure for leaving the farm;
• on the distribution of agricultural and other products obtained as a result of economic activities, or profits from their sale.

How to prepare documents

To submit documents for registration of a farm, you must contact the Federal Tax Service at your place of registration.

List of documents that need to be submitted for registration of peasant farms

• statement about state registration of a farm under form P21002 with a signature certified by a notary;
• agreement on the creation of a farm if the farm has more than one member;
• a set of documents confirming the presence of family ties between the members of the agreement on the creation of the farm;
• a notarized copy of the passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation;
• application for transition to the selected taxation system;
• a receipt for payment of the state fee (costs 800 rubles).

If you submit all the necessary documents and there are no complaints about them, you will be able to receive a certificate of registration of the farm, a certificate of registration with the tax office and an extract from the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs within five working days.

Which tax regime is better?

The optimal tax regime for private farms is the Unified Agricultural Tax– a single agricultural tax, which exempts the farmer from property and profit taxes, as well as from value added tax. The tax rate is only six percent (paid on profits received).

According to the current rules, taxes must be paid once every six months, and reports must be submitted to the Federal Tax Service once a year.

What to do

Anyone is associated with either animal husbandry or crop production. As an additional activity, a peasant farm can process its own products and process products purchased from other farms.

It should be borne in mind that the larger the farm, and the more diverse its specialization, the more resistant it will be to changes in the market situation. Such enterprises provide members of farms with consistently high profits, but require significant investment.

Growing crops

Unfortunately, climates suitable for growing crops are not available everywhere, and soil that provides high yields is even less common.

However, there are many crops that can be grown in greenhouses even in the coldest climates, so their production can be profitable in any region.

Can be grown

• grains and legumes: wheat, corn, oats, rye, barley, millet, rice, sunflower, peas, buckwheat and others;
• vegetables and fruits: apples, radishes, peppers, apricots, radishes, beets, peaches, plums, zucchini, quince, pears, and others;
• melons: , ;
• greenery: green onions, parsley, sorrel, cilantro, basil;
• berries: , raspberries, gooseberries, currants, cherries, grapes, sweet cherries, ;
• mushrooms: champignons, chanterelles, and others.

Breeding animals and fish

If the climate in your area is not conducive to growing crops, you can focus on raising animals, insects or fish.

You can breed

• large animals: , goats, cows, horses;
• small animals:, nutria, and others;
• bird:, turkeys, and others;
• insects: bees, ;
• fish:, carp, catfish, pike, and others.

Processing and processing

One of the advantages of farm farming is the possibility of obtaining additional profit from the processing and processing of agricultural products.

For example, farms that specialize in growing various crops can package cereals and flour and even bake baked goods from it, produce frozen and canned fruits and vegetables, and pickles.

Farms specializing in pig breeding can produce a variety of meat products, from raw meat and tripe to sausages and smoked meats.

Sheep farms can make good money by processing wool, and farms raising cows can make good money by producing milk, cottage cheese, and other dairy products.

How to get government support

If the head of a peasant farm has not yet reached the retirement age established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and is not officially engaged in work, he can apply for self-employment in the agricultural sector. You will first need to register for unemployment.

In this case, after reviewing all the documents, he will be able to receive a state subsidy in the amount of 50-60 thousand rubles. In addition, in some regions agricultural activities are subsidized by local authorities.

But you can count on special conditions only if the farm is included in the program for the development of the agro-industrial complex, which, for obvious reasons, is impossible for new farms.

Investments and profits

The total cost of everything that is needed to open a farm depends on the type of activity, the volume of expected agricultural production and a number of other factors.

On average, investments in setting up a small farm are about 30 thousand dollars, and profits range from 8-15 thousand dollars a year.

As you can see, farming is not that difficult. But making a good profit within the first year will be difficult, especially if you have never had any experience working on a farm before.

Today, agricultural business is supported in every possible way by the state - many entrepreneurs have turned their attention to this niche. There are enough advantages of running your own farm - a huge sales market, quick return on costs, and consistently high profits. Of course, a newcomer will face many difficulties - but they are completely surmountable if you organize your activities correctly.

Our business assessment:

Starting investments – from 50,000 rubles.

Market saturation is average.

The difficulty of starting a business is 7/10.

How to become a farmer from scratch in Russia?

Here, as in any other area of ​​business, you will need to draw up a business plan. This is especially important if you start using borrowed funds to organize your activities.

Entrepreneurs who decide to start a business in the agricultural sector have many opportunities for business development - it can be either a small family livestock farm or a large agricultural complex. But to minimize any risks, start small - it’s worth expanding your business only if you have “free” finances and accumulated experience.

Peasant farming is a commercial structure aimed at attracting income from the production and further sale of agricultural products. There are not many large enterprises in our country - there is definitely not enough “capacity” to fully fill the market. Everyone has every chance to take a strong position in the niche.

Opening your own farm from scratch will be profitable for the following reasons:

• There are now special government programs designed to help start-up entrepreneurs financially. Getting a subsidy is quite difficult - you have to collect a lot of paperwork and provide a business plan for the farm. But for many entrepreneurs this becomes an excellent start to a promising business.
• The population is interested in purchasing high-quality natural products - confidence in domestic products is growing.
• Your own farm will bring consistently high profits, as food prices rise every year.
• Due to sanctions imposed on the import of products from European countries, the Russian market is experiencing a shortage of farm products - the demand is huge.

When thinking about how to organize a farm from scratch, do not forget about the pitfalls that may await you on the path to success - despite all the advantages of the direction, there are also risks. Agricultural business is an area where profitability largely depends on external factors. You could lose half your harvest due to drought or pest infestation. The livestock sector has its own problems - for example, epidemics of diseases, due to which half of the animals raised can die. Farming involves a significant amount of manual labor - this is especially true for family businesses when hired labor is not used. Therefore, you should prepare for hard work.

Have you already decided for yourself “I want to start farming”? Approach the matter thoroughly - carefully study the direction in which you will work in the future. If possible, be sure to visit operating farms to see everything in practice.

Which line of business should I choose?

Where to start a farming business? The first step is choosing the direction of further activity. All further stages of organizing your own farm will depend on this. There are several profitable “formats” of agricultural business:

• Crop production – grain crops, vegetables, fruits and berries, herbs.
• Cattle breeding - pigs, sheep, cows, rabbits.
• Poultry farming - chickens, turkeys, pheasants, geese.
• Fish farming – sturgeon, trout, carp.
• Beekeeping.
• Growing mushrooms – oyster mushrooms, champignons.

When thinking about which direction and how to start farming, it is worth conducting a market analysis. Choose niches that are in demand in your region with minimal competition - this will make it easier to succeed in business. The amount of available finance is also important - some areas will require significant investments, while others can be developed with a minimum of costs.

It will be easier for a beginner to open a peasant farm for breeding chickens or geese, pigs or rabbits, growing berries and fruits, and mushrooms. The products that you will receive in the process of activity are in demand on the market. In addition, these areas are easy to learn and inexpensive.

How is registration of a business in the field of agriculture carried out?

Many private farmers operate without registration - significant savings on regular tax payments. If you plan to raise several heads of cattle on your own summer cottage, at first you can do without registering a business. But in this case, you will only be able to sell your products to private buyers - even you will not be “allowed” into local markets without the appropriate documents.

Farm registration is required if you plan to sell finished products to wholesale buyers in the future. Form your activity in the form of an individual entrepreneur or LLC. You register with the tax office, register with Rosportebnadzor and SES. If we talk about the sale of products of animal origin (meat, eggs), finished products must undergo regular veterinary checks before marketing.

Financial costs for starting a business

Is farming profitable? Definitely, yes - if you consider that organizing a business in some areas requires a minimum of costs. For example, to start raising chickens on your own summer cottage, you need no more than 50,000 rubles. Therefore, without having an impressive amount of money at your disposal to open a large farm, start small.

It will be quite difficult to determine the exact investment figure - it all depends on the chosen field of activity. But in any case, in a business plan it is important to calculate all upcoming expenses.

Make a list of what it takes to become a farmer. Investments will be required for the following needs:

• Rent a plot. You will save a lot if you own land.

• Purchase of equipment and inventory. To work in any of the possible directions, you will need consumables - this often becomes a significant expense item. Shovels and rakes, automatic sprinklers, greenhouses, feeders, buckets are just a small part of everything needed. In some cases, to ensure that the finished product does not spoil while waiting for its buyer, you will need to buy refrigeration and freezer compartments.
• Preparation of production premises. Stalls, chicken coops, pigsties - you will need to invest money to build “premises”. Even when growing vegetables, fruits and grains, you will need to build a barn to store finished products. If you do not need to comply with any special conditions when keeping animals or birds, you can build a barn yourself.
• Purchase of breeding stock, seeds. A farm from scratch, if you are organizing a business in the field of livestock or poultry farming, will definitely require significant expenses for the purchase of several heads of livestock or birds. To plant crops, seed material is purchased in the required quantity. There is no point in saving money here - there is a high risk of buying sick animals or low-quality seeds.
• Purchase of feed, fertilizers. You will have to spend money on replenishing feed and fertilizer supplies regularly. To save on variable costs, you can feed livestock a “homemade” diet.

When thinking about where to start farming, be sure to think about ways to raise funds to get started. It's great if you have your own savings. If the savings you have accumulated to start a business are not enough, you will have to take out a loan from a bank or try to apply for a government subsidy.

Sales channels for finished products

Becoming a novice farmer is not difficult if you take into account possible risks and think through all the nuances. It will be difficult for a beginner to find wholesale buyers of finished products. It is unlikely that you will be able to immediately establish cooperation with large supermarket chains - focus on small retail outlets and private buyers.

How much a farmer earns depends on the volume of sales of finished products. The better your sales channels are, the more profit you will make.

We conclude - when thinking about where to start a farming business, monitor the market and already at the stage of drawing up the project, start looking for wholesale clients interested in a specific type of product.

When should I expect my first profit?

How much do farmers earn in Russia? The exact profitability indicator will depend on the “scale” of the business, sales volumes and prices set for the product. Small farms from sales of finished products by the end of the season can have up to 500,000 rubles in net profit. Some areas of activity (for example, raising chickens) generate income throughout the year. A home business, of course, will make less profit, since there will be significantly fewer sales.

Despite the different amounts of investment, both livestock farming and crop farming pay for themselves in approximately the same time frame. Over the next 9-12 months, you will be investing in growing animals or crops. Only after the heads are slaughtered or the harvest is harvested do you receive the proceeds. In most cases, the first profit can be expected only after a year.

Knowing where to start farming can help you build a highly profitable farming business.

Given the country's course towards import substitution farming became relevant. This line of business is attractive for several reasons:

1. demand for products;
2. fewer investments compared to “urban” types of entrepreneurship

Farming allows you to do interesting things and earn good income. The truth of this statement is supported by numerous examples of successful business in rural areas, the existence of numerous enterprises engaged not only in the production of agricultural products, but also in their processing. If you listen to the advice of “experienced” people, you can figure out how to open and develop your own farm.

Farming is hard work

At the initial stage, you need to start developing a business plan. It will help you systematize everything, calculate expected expenses and income, and direct your activities in the right direction.

When drawing up a business plan, it is better to take the advice of experienced farmers, who will show the real picture of things and will not allow you to make mistakes. It is the business plan that will allow you to take the right steps in starting your business. Next, you will have to navigate according to the circumstances.

Definition of a specific industry

Farming involves a variety of activities. Trying to do everything in a row is not practical. It's better to choose one thing. If funds allow, it is better to engage in livestock farming. Here you can get a good profit throughout the year, but you will have to invest a lot of money in the purchase of breeding stock or poultry. You can turn your attention to the production of dairy products, raise livestock for meat, raise ducks, or focus on laying hens.

If you have a limited amount of money, you should focus on melons or simple vegetables. If everything works out, the profit from vegetable growing is gradually invested in the purchase of equipment. As a result, it becomes possible to significantly expand production and make it larger.

Regardless of the industry, you will have to take care of the availability of labor. You won't be able to handle everything on your own. Typically, farmers easily find hired workers by inviting residents of nearby villages to work.

What do you need to know about registering a business activity?

Land is a must for farming

To start your own farm, you need appropriate land. The authorities prefer to allocate land to local residents. But even a city resident can receive land from the category of rural land. At the moment, in many regions there are programs under which arable land is allocated free of charge for farming.

To officially register a farm, you need to prepare the following documents:

1. Receipt.
2. Copies and .

Once the farm is officially registered, it becomes possible to participate in government support programs. Any large farm must be registered and also pay the appropriate taxes. If the farm is small, you don’t have to fill out any paperwork, just consume some of the produce yourself and sell the excess on the market. This is permitted by law.

First stage

Without initial capital - no way!

The current map of agricultural land is full of blank spots. Many villages are abandoned, the land is not used for its intended purpose, and is often simply overgrown with weeds. Recently, the government has been taking certain steps to restore this sector of the economy.

Therefore, if there is no big difference where to establish your farm, it is better to choose a place that the authorities plan to revive in the near future.

The next step is to decide how much work you can handle. Experts recommend that inexperienced farmers start with 300 head of cattle. The maximum quantity that can be taken at the start is 800 heads. If your direction is growing vegetables or cereals, you need to think about how much acreage you can cultivate.

Any direction of farming activity requires certain knowledge and skills. Turning to the experience of successful entrepreneurs, using innovative technologies and modern equipment will increase productivity and get more.

It is important that there are villages, towns, communications, and roads nearby. Depending on the quality and location, the cost per hectare will vary: from 50 thousand to 500 thousand rubles

Do you need start-up capital?

Help from the state is minimal

A common mistake of many people who want to become farmers is the hope that the state will provide financial support for their desire to engage in agriculture. In fact, participation in state programs to support farmers is quite problematic. At the initial stage, it is very difficult for a farm to meet all the requirements imposed by the state on those wishing to receive support.

It’s good if the opportunity arises, but in any case it will be only a small part of all the necessary expenses. It is not advisable to rely on a loan. Banks consider farming activities too unreliable, so they refuse loans to eliminate the risk of losing money.

And if they give at high interest rates, it’s not worth taking a loan at all, because it’s impossible to get super profits in agriculture. Therefore, before opening a farm, you need to find money that will become starting capital.

Are hired workers needed?

Even a family farm will need staff as it expands. Agriculture is a very labor-intensive industry, so you always have to hire people. When selecting personnel, you need to pay attention to the following criteria:

• availability of the necessary skills;
• lack of addiction to alcohol;

Sales of products

Need to draw up a business plan

Producing products is half the battle; selling them profitably is much more important. Therefore, even at the initial stage, it is necessary to think about to whom and how the products will be sold. When the goods are ready for sale, you should already know where you will take them. After all, almost all agricultural products deteriorate very quickly, and downtime will bring losses.

Sales may be difficult. Profitable sales channels are already occupied; it will be difficult for a newcomer to break into them. You can sell the goods you produce yourself, but this involves additional costs and hassle. After all, you will need to arrange a lot more.

To sell goods to a store, you need a quality certificate. To sell grains, you need to go through a lot of offices. Because of these rules, most simply hand over their grain to resellers, making a very small profit.

Pros and cons of farming

Wanting to become a farmer is a responsible act. So as not to regret the hasty decision. It is necessary to delve into all the advantages of this business in advance and analyze the existing disadvantages.

pros

1. Good income. The cost of hired workers' services is lower than in the city.
2. Free products on your table

Minuses

1. Large initial investment.
2. High energy costs.
3. Impossibility of managing a household without certain knowledge.

To engage in farming, you need to be mentally prepared for this difficult task. It's not just about spending time in nature. It's hard work with many difficult decisions. But the investment will definitely bring profit. At the moment, this is one of the most promising areas of human economic activity in our country.

Expert lawyer's opinion:

Farming activities can be carried out in any organizational and legal form. A farmer can be an individual entrepreneur, the head of a peasant farm (peasant farm) or the head of a legal entity (production cooperative or LLC). The tax system, which can also have different options, also depends on which option the farmer chooses.

The most popular form of activity is peasant farming. The farmer himself is registered as the head of this farm. The peasant farm is not a legal entity. Instead of constituent documents, an agreement is concluded between the participants on the creation of a peasant farm, signed by all its participants. Peasant farm members must be over 16 years of age and be relatives (no more than three separate families). The law does not determine the number of families. Participation by other citizens is possible, but no more than 5 people. Property – common shared or common joint property. Labor participation of all members is mandatory. A peasant farm may also consist of one person, its head, then an agreement on its creation is not needed.

The main taxation system for peasant farms is the Unified Agricultural Tax (USAT). The tax base is income minus expenses. Tax rate 6%. The state is trying in every possible way to create conditions for farmers to successfully farm. However, as noted in the article, at the beginning of activity, it is difficult to count on serious support. Farmers have to invest a lot of work and money to get on their feet.

Video for those interested in farming:

Even if it’s small, your own business is an excellent alternative to hired work. However, often, even with such a desire, people are afraid to open their own business because they see only obstacles, primarily in relation to financial investments. We will help you figure out whether it is so difficult to organize a farm from scratch, what is required for this and how to do it with minimal costs.

Where to begin

First, you will need a business plan that will outline all the costs, profitability and profitability. You should not ignore this stage, because if you do not think through everything from the beginning, all sorts of unpleasant surprises will arise during the work, which is extremely undesirable.

1. Start-up capital– how much money you will need, and where you will get it; in other words, it will be your own money or credit.
2. Place– To run a farm you need a plot, and not a small one. It’s great if you already have one, but if not, you should calculate how much it will cost to buy or rent.
3. Expenses for purchasing animals or planting material– here, depending on the type of proposed activity, write down how much animals, birds, seeds or seedlings cost.
4. Outbuildings– sheds and utility rooms will be needed in any case, both when breeding animals and when growing plants. At this point, we calculate how much it will cost to build a greenhouse, barn, chicken coop, apiary or pond, depending on what you plan to do.
5. Purchase of specialized equipment– here it is important to calculate everything down to the smallest detail: equipment, equipment, etc.
6. Salary to employees– in most cases you will need qualified assistants, and the cost of maintaining them must also be taken into account.
7. Utility costs and taxes– we set down the cost of electricity, water and everything that will be used, and also do not forget that a considerable part of the profit will go to taxes, which should also be calculated in advance.
8. Advertising– will entail certain expenses and promotion of the product. This could be printing flyers, advertising on local radio, TV and newspapers, or placing posters on billboards.
9. Sales– before producing anything, you need to understand where and how to implement it. Therefore, at this point, write down where the products will be sold and what costs this will entail. For example, this could be renting a point in the market or “going on the shelf” in a supermarket.
10. Profit– after calculating all the expenses, you will be able to display the estimated income and the time it will take for the farm to become profitable.

Did you know? There are more than 2,000,000 farms in the United States, 97% of which are family businesses.

Types of farms

Now you need to decide on the direction in which you would like to work. And it’s worth noting that there are a lot of them. Therefore, let's look at the most popular types of farming.

Breeding chickens, ducks, geese or turkeys does not require large financial investments, but is very profitable. This also does not require too large a plot and expensive equipment. Caring for poultry is much easier than, for example, pigs, and the profit even from a small farm is very attractive.

When raising chickens, you get not only meat, but also eggs, which is also a significant advantage. The disadvantages of this type of farming include greater competition in the market.

Livestock

Raising cows, goats, sheep and other animals can also provide excellent income. This type of activity involves several directions.

Animals can be kept for the following purposes:

• production of milk and dairy products;
• production of meat products;
• tanning of hides;
• sales of young animals.

This business can generate a lot of income if organized correctly. The main disadvantage is the high costs at the initial stage, despite the fact that the payback will not come so quickly. It must be taken into account that keeping such animals in any case requires a large area and the presence of barns; Experience in similar work is also desirable.

Did you know? Small-scale farmers produce 70% of the world's food.

Setting up an apiary does not require large investments, so this direction looks very attractive. At the initial stage, all you need is a plot, hives and a bee colony. It is necessary to take into account that beekeeping requires certain knowledge and skills, without which it will not be possible to choose the right place or create optimal conditions for the bees to bring honey.
But if you delve into this issue and regularly learn from the experience of professional beekeepers by visiting exhibitions and fairs, you can acquire all the necessary skills and organize a successful business. Please note: at the end you get several beekeeping products that sell well - honey, wax, propolis.

To organize the process you will need a pond and larvae or fry. Such a business can be built with minimal investment, and it does not depend on weather conditions and has virtually no other risks. Beginners are recommended to breed fish that quickly gain weight and are in demand on the market - this includes carp and trout. Carp is perfect for these purposes, since the fry are cheap, easy to care for, and the grown fish sells well and pays off with interest.

Trout is more capricious in care and requires knowledge and skills for its breeding, but at the same time it pleases with its high cost at the end, and therefore large profits. The disadvantages of fish farming include the fact that the number of fish in a reservoir cannot be controlled. Therefore, you need to hire only trusted personnel whom you trust, otherwise there is a possibility that you may be deceived.

Pig farming

Raising pigs is considered very profitable, but requires large financial investments and is very labor-intensive.

For a pig farm to generate income, it is necessary to maintain a livestock of at least 100 pigs. And they need to be fed, provided with vitamins and cared for. Accordingly, in addition to a large plot and outbuildings, hired workers, preferably specialists, will be required.

There are often no problems with selling pork - it sells well and is not cheap, so such a business has a relatively quick payback, followed by a stable income.

An excellent option for organizing a farm from scratch is raising rabbits. With minimal costs at the initial stage, the business brings high and stable income. The advantages of this type of activity include the following:

• cheap feed, especially in summer;
• rabbits are very fertile;
• dietary meat is very popular;
• competition in the market is minimal.

The disadvantages of breeding these fur-bearing animals are considered to be high requirements for sanitary standards, high mortality of young animals, and also the fact that such a business will pay off no earlier than in 3 years.

Important! Rabbit skins can be donated to clothing factories and ateliers, which will become another source of income in addition to the sale of meat.

Growing plants

Another niche for organizing your own business is growing plants. This business, of course, has its pros and cons, but with the right approach and organization of the process you can make great money. Financial investments can be minimal - for example, if you grow crops in open ground - or they can be quite large if the construction and maintenance of greenhouses is required. Let's look at the most popular destinations.

Setting up a mushroom business requires minimal costs. Mushrooms can grow in basements, barns, abandoned houses and so on - accordingly, there is no need to invest money in construction. You just need to find a suitable building, install heating and light, and install ventilation. And also - purchase substrate and mushroom mycelium. Most often, the familiar oyster mushrooms and champignons are grown for sale.
Caring for mushrooms is minimal and not labor-intensive - you just need to maintain a constant temperature and humidity, as well as harvest in a timely manner. The demand for such products is quite high, so sales problems rarely arise.

Fruits, berries

The year-round demand for berries and fruits makes their cultivation very attractive for entrepreneurs. It can be carried out seasonally in open ground, or all year round, but in the presence of a greenhouse. Of course, equipping a greenhouse requires a large investment, but its advantage is that you can collect and sell at least 2 crops per year.

Did you know? Bananas are considered the most productive fruit on the planet; they are grown on farms in more than 100 countries.

It is very important to think through the distribution channels for products in advance, even at the initial stage, since most fruits and berries quickly deteriorate. If you have start-up capital and properly organize the process, such a business can generate very high income.

Vegetables

As in the previous case, there are two options for the vegetable business: growing seasonal crops in open ground, or year-round crops in greenhouses. Both options are very profitable. Only in the first case is it worth considering possible risks - for example, sudden changes in weather or pest invasion. These factors can reduce yields and therefore reduce expected profits. In the greenhouse, crops will be reliably protected from changeable weather, and it is more difficult for parasites to penetrate there, but costs are required for its arrangement and maintenance.

Farming is a profitable type of business, which, however, is very risky and requires high costs. Let's consider the main sectors of farming and the features of their implementation, as well as the reasons for such a rapid development of livestock farming in Russia.

Farm business development

Farm business in Russia, in particular livestock farming, has become increasingly popular and developed over the years thanks to the following factors:

• the presence of government programs that, if farmers comply with certain conditions, in order to support newly created farms and national producers, provide subsidies, tax breaks, grants, initial capital, and allocate land for farming;
• rising food prices, which increases farm profits;
• food products produced by farms, namely meat, milk, eggs, cheese, honey, cottage cheese, are always in demand in the markets and have their own customer base, as they provide the basic needs of consumers;
• restriction of access to the market for products of foreign suppliers and manufacturers - national producers, in turn, do not experience such restrictions;
• a wide range of economic activities, the emergence and development of new species (for example, ostrich breeding farms);
• the products of the national manufacturer inspire confidence among consumers and are in demand;
• the opportunity to obtain a permanent customer base and markets for products.

Thus, farming business is a profitable and promising activity that is rapidly developing and, at certain costs, can bring significant income that will fully recoup the invested funds and time spent.

Farming sectors

Farming is divided into 2 main sectors:

• agriculture (growing various types of grain crops: rice, wheat, barley, etc.);
• livestock farming

Animal breeding as a business includes the following sub-sectors:

• pig breeding;
• cattle breeding (cattle breeding);
• sheep breeding;
• poultry farming;
• bee breeding;
• horse breeding;
• ostrich breeding;
• reindeer husbandry;
• rabbit breeding;
• fur farming and others.

Pig farming, poultry farming, sheep farming and cattle breeding have received the greatest development.

Cattle breeding meets the population's needs for milk and meat; beef and veal are of high quality and high cost.

Poultry farming provides the market with meat and eggs, and poultry meat (turkeys, chickens, ducks, turkeys) is more in demand than beef and pork due to the lower cost of meat and the absence of difficulties in breeding birds on farms. Chicken is the most popular meat in the markets; chicken breeding is a promising and profitable activity.

Pig farming is a rapidly developing type of economic activity. Pork is the second most popular meat in markets, after chicken; this meat is cheaper than beef and has high quality, nutritional value and calorie content.

Sheep farming requires a large amount of pasture for its development and provides markets not only with meat and milk, but also with wool.

Pig breeding as a business

Before you start pig farming, you should keep in mind that although this is a highly profitable activity, it, like any type of farming activity, requires a lot of effort, time and significant financial costs to achieve results.

Basic rules to follow if you decide to start pig farming

1. Decide on the location of the farm, taking into account: established standards for proximity to populated areas, the minimum required area of ​​the farm, distance from water sources.

2. Prepare the necessary documents for the administration to sign. Find out under what conditions you can receive government subsidies, benefits, etc.

3. Study the market structure, namely the supply and demand of pork meat and lard in the markets in your region. As a rule, the greatest demand is for lean and lean pork, lard with a layer of meat (loin).

4. Prepare a business plan that, when calculating financial expenses, will show the effectiveness of pig farming and possible profits. Financial expenses include the following:

• buying pigs;
• construction or rental of premises;
• purchase of inventory and equipment;
• staff salaries;
• stern;
• payment for veterinarian services, vaccinations, etc.

The plan also needs to assess the possible risks of the enterprise and indicate the stages of project implementation with actions at each stage.

5. Build pigsties, sheds, purchase the necessary tools and equipment, feed.

6. Hire qualified personnel (animal technician, laborers, pig breeders, etc.).

7. Great attention should be paid to the selection of pig breeds. There are pig breeds specially bred for production:

• meat;
• meat and lard;
• meat and bacon;
• bacon;
• lard

The meat and bacon producing breeds are in greatest demand because meat brings in more income than lard. Females and males must be purchased from different suppliers to prevent genetic mutations in the offspring.

8. Be sure to periodically disinfect pigsties and equipment, destroy rodents, ensure regular vaccinations and examinations of offspring and adults by a veterinarian.

But you shouldn’t expect instant results, because a pig farm pays for itself in about 2-3 years. A combination of growing potatoes, corn, etc. is also successful. with raising pigs, because feed costs in this case are reduced; Organizing your own production of meat and sausage products and lard is also profitable (for example, you can organize a meat and lard smokehouse).

Poultry farming as a business

Poultry breeding as a business, especially chickens and turkeys, requires lower financial costs than, for example, pig farming, since birds are less demanding, but brings a stable income because poultry meat is very popular due to its low cost, dietary content, and low calorie content.

Before you start poultry farming, draw up a business plan that will help you calculate the possible profit and the period within which it will be received, as well as financial costs (for the purchase of young animals, feed, vaccinations, rent of territory, construction of premises, equipment, etc.) , existing risks.

How to become a poultry farmer from scratch?

Let's look at the main factors that need to be taken into account if you decide to start breeding birds.

1. The choice of breed depends on the focus of your farm. Chicken breeds are:

• for meat production (Cornish, red whitetails);
• for the production of eggs (Leghorn, Russian White, Pavlovsk, Minor);
• for the production of eggs and meat (Loman Brown, Moscow black, Kuchinsky).

It is most profitable to purchase breeds of chickens that are adapted for the production of both eggs and meat.

2. Having your own garden reduces the cost of bird feed; in the spring and summer, chickens can and should be grazed in the garden.

3. To obtain high-quality domestic meat, special attention should be paid to bird feed. So, in addition to feed, the diet of chickens should include: dandelions, nettles, carrots, pumpkin, potatoes, beets and other vegetables and herbs.

4. Rooms for chickens should be equipped with everything necessary: ​​feeders, drinkers, thermometers, instruments for measuring room humidity. Each breed has its own characteristics. Thus, egg-bearing breeds need ventilation, specially equipped perches, free space, good lighting (the room should be lit from 6 am to 9 pm, poor lighting is stressful for the bird and its egg production decreases or stops altogether) and thermal insulation.

5. Purchasing and equipping an incubator will help save on young animals; eggs laid by a laying hen are placed in an incubator, which must be equipped with a thermometer. If the incubator is the simplest and not automatic, the eggs are turned over manually (3 times a day). From 60 eggs placed in an incubator, you can get 45 or more chickens.

6. Purchased young animals should be vaccinated and given antibiotics to prevent possible diseases.

7. Regular disinfection of the premises should be carried out; if a disease is suspected, sick birds that are subject to slaughter should be isolated, a veterinarian should be invited to make a final diagnosis, and vaccination should be carried out.

Bird breeding is a profitable, and most importantly simple and affordable activity that does not require the construction of special premises or the lease of a large area of ​​land.

Birds can also be raised in old barns, which just need to be equipped with everything necessary; a personal plot or vegetable garden will suffice. Chicken breeding is the most popular type of poultry farming; chickens are unpretentious in feeding and care, have high egg production and, with proper care, produce valuable and in-demand meat.

Breeding cattle

So, what does it take to become a cattle farmer? Before you start breeding yourself, draw up a detailed business plan, which should include:

• planned production volumes;
• production part (costs for purchasing feed);
• marketing part (advertising, product prices);
• organizational part (information about suppliers, buyers, staff);
• risk assessment;
• financial part (sources of financial support, planned income).

• breeding young animals for sale;
• meat supply;
• milk supply;
• supply of meat and milk;
• processing of animal skins;
• production of dairy products (cheese, sour cream, cottage cheese);
• production of meat products (sausage products).

The next stage will be to go through all the authorities, prepare documentation and obtain permits (for construction on sites, etc.).

One of the most important aspects of organizing livestock breeding as a business is purchase of livestock. Things to consider:

• selection and purchase is best done with the participation of an experienced veterinarian or livestock breeder;
• The main meat breeds of cows are: Hereford, Charolais, Limousin, Salers, Kalmyk, Kazakh Whitehead and others. Dairy breeds: black-and-white, red steppe, Yaroslavl, Kholmogory;
• A healthy dairy cow, which will produce large quantities of milk, has a barrel-shaped belly, a long head, small horns, strong muscles, special attention should be paid to the cow's udder. The cow's udder should be large, the skin should be elastic, and the udder should be cup-shaped. Cows with round udders will produce little milk. When purchasing, be sure to milk the cow, and no hardening should be felt in the udder; it should be soft and pliable. A healthy cow has a clear look, no cough, a firm and light gait, a narrow hindquarters and a sagging back are considered faults;
• read the animal's documents and vaccination record.

Cows must be provided with pastures, feed must be purchased, hay must be stored for the winter, regular disinfection of barns and vaccinations is mandatory, and it is also necessary to equip premises for slaughterhouses.

Beef and veal are expensive and high-quality meats that are in demand among consumers. To increase income from raising livestock, it is necessary to organize the processing of meat and milk and produce cheese, cottage cheese, kefir, sausages, sour cream, fermented baked milk, etc. for sale.

How to become a successful farmer?

In order to become a successful farmer, you should take into account that farming does not involve immediate profit; it requires significant financial costs. Livestock farming is one of the most risky types of business, since there is always a risk of epidemics and natural disasters that can lead to animal pestilence, farm losses and bankruptcy of farmers.

Keep in mind that producing quality products is only the first stage. The second stage is its implementation. You can find sales markets, or you can open your own stores, which will generate income, but will also require additional costs for renting premises, personnel, equipment, etc.

Farming in Russia receives government support and brings high income to businessmen, but also requires large investments and time, as well as drawing up a detailed business plan. The main branches of livestock farming in Russia and around the world are pig farming, poultry farming and cattle breeding, as their products are always in high demand, both in national and foreign markets.

Agriculture