Initially, the problem of entrepreneurship was posed by political economy as a problem of explaining the sources of economic growth and the nature of profit (the term “entrepreneurship” was introduced by R. Cantillon in the 18th century). The definition of an entrepreneur as the owner of capital prevails in the works of the classics of political economy - F. Quesnay, A. Smith. At the same time, according to J. Turgot, and later among German historians (W. Roscher, B. Hildebrand), he not only manages his capital, but also combines the functions of the owner with personal productive labor.

Over time, the entrepreneur is less and less identified with the capitalist. J.B. Seay and J.S. Mill considers the entrepreneur as an organizer of production who is not burdened by property rights. The functional distinction between the owner and the entrepreneur is made by K. Marx. Neoclassicists - A. Marshall, L. Walras, K. Menger, F. Wieser define an entrepreneur as a manager. And since then, neutrality with respect to ownership of property has become a common element of most theories of entrepreneurship - classical (J. Schumpeter) and modern (A . Cole, P. Drucker).

Entrepreneurship is the sphere of professional activity of a special group of people - entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur is an independent economic agent, acting at his own peril and risk and under his own responsibility, including financial responsibility. He must have the rights to use the functioning capital, say, a “bundle” of four rights:

• 1) ownership rights, that is, the right of exclusive physical control over goods;
• 2) the right of use, that is, the right to use the beneficial properties of goods for oneself;
• 3) management rights, that is, the right to decide who and how will ensure the use of benefits;
• 4) the right to income, that is, the right to have results from the use of benefits.

In order to be able to use these rights, he must pay the full owner for the alienation of these rights in his favor (for example, in the form of rent). In addition, you will also need a certain amount of working capital (for example, costs of raw materials, materials, labor, etc.). When starting a business activity (or modifying a previous activity), an entrepreneur must solve the eternal problems of a market economy: what to produce, how to produce, for whom to produce?

The most typical and comprehensive definition of entrepreneurship is given in the work of American scientists R. Hisrich and M. Peters: “Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new that has value; a process that consumes time and effort, involving the assumption of financial, moral and social responsibility; a process that brings monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved.”

Outstanding foreign economists: F. Hayek, J. Schumpeter and P. Drucker, as well as Russian scientists who devoted scientific research to these problems: A.I., made a significant contribution to the development of the theory and practice of entrepreneurship. Ageev, A.V. Busygin, V.V. Radaev, Yu.M. Osipov, M.G. Lapusta, A.G. Porshnev et al.

P. Drucker’s point of view on the essence of the concepts “entrepreneurial economy”, “entrepreneurial society”, “entrepreneurial management” is of great theoretical and practical importance. He explores the problems of the formation of the entrepreneurial environment, the motivation of entrepreneurs, and the conditions for them to carry out their business.

P. Drucker believes that entrepreneurship is based on economic and social theories, according to which change is a completely normal and natural phenomenon. New ideas are precisely the semantic basis of the term “entrepreneurship”, so the entrepreneurial task is “creative destruction”. Entrepreneurs, emphasizes P. Drucker, are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. And further, an enterprise is entrepreneurial not because it is new, and not because it is small (small), although rapidly developing, but because its activity is based on the awareness of the fact that the products produced have individual characteristics, demand they have grown to such an extent that a “market niche” has formed, and new technology makes it possible to transform complex operations into a scientific process.

The definition of an entrepreneur in institutional economic theory (R. Coase, O. Williamson) is that he becomes a subject who makes a choice between the contractual relations of the free market and the organization of the company in order to save transaction costs. Entrepreneurship is a special regulatory mechanism that differs from the price mechanism and the mechanism of government regulation, and in some ways is alternative to both of them.

An entrepreneur, according to Sombart, must be triune, possessing the following qualities:

• * conqueror (spiritual freedom, allowing you to plan your actions; will and energy; perseverance and constancy);
• * organizer (the ability to correctly evaluate people, make them work, coordinating their actions);
• * merchant (the ability to recruit people without coercion, to arouse their interest in their products, to inspire confidence).

J. Schumpeter believes that the development of entrepreneurship requires two components: a) organizational and economic innovation; b) economic freedom. He is an advocate of free enterprise.

J. Schumpeter opposes himself to the neoclassics, deducing from the process of capital circulation the fundamental need for a special entrepreneurial function, which consists in the implementation of organizational and economic innovation. Entrepreneurs, according to Schumpeter, do not form a special profession or a separate class. We are talking specifically about a function performed periodically by different entities. In every economic sphere it appears and disappears, replaced by more routine actions. At the same time, the entrepreneur does not necessarily invent “new combinations” himself. He carries them out practically, often imitating someone else's economic experience.

Based on the assumptions of J. Schumpeter, we can give a general definition of entrepreneurship - this is the implementation of organizational innovation for the purpose of generating profit (other additional income). Entrepreneurship is thus constituted by three necessary elements:

• * organizational action;
• * initiating changes;
• * monetary income as a goal and criterion of success.

Ultimately, in all scientific definitions of entrepreneurship by Western scientists, we are talking about this behavior (process), which requires the manifestation of initiative, organization and reorganization of the socio-economic mechanism in order to be able to profitably use available resources and a specific situation and take on responsibility for possible failure, that is, willingness to take risks. The definition, as can be seen, combines economic, social, personal and managerial approaches.

In Western countries, from a scientific and practical point of view, modern entrepreneurship is characterized as a special innovative, anti-bureaucratic type of business, which is based on the search for new opportunities, focus on innovation, and the ability to attract and use resources from a wide variety of sources to solve problems.

Entrepreneurship in our country is in its infancy along with the development of a market economy. For the development of entrepreneurship in our country, according to Russian researchers, it is essential to understand that not every new business is entrepreneurship.

The progressive development of entrepreneurship is aimed at producing goods (performing work, providing services), bringing them to specific consumers (households, other entrepreneurs, the state) at the lowest cost and is one of the determining conditions for economic growth, increasing GDP and national income, increasing the efficiency of public production.

Entrepreneurship as an economic phenomenon reflects the commodity nature of relations between economic entities based on the operation of the economic laws of a market economy (demand and supply, cost, competition, etc.) and all instruments of commodity production and circulation (price, money, finance, credit, etc.) .

Entrepreneurship, as a social phenomenon, reflects the capabilities of every capable individual to be the owner of a business, to demonstrate with the greatest efficiency their individual abilities and creativity. It manifests itself in the formation of a new layer of people - enterprising, gravitating toward independent economic activity, capable of creating their own business, overcoming environmental resistance and achieving their goals. At the same time, it helps to increase the number of hired workers who, in turn, are economically and socially interested in the sustainability of business activities.

The development of entrepreneurship, presupposing the effective use of material, financial and labor resources, at the same time requires state regulation in the direction of creating certain favorable conditions for this.

Entrepreneurship develops successfully in the presence of certain conditions and factors that together ensure the formation of a certain business environment. The latter should be understood as an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow an entrepreneur to achieve success in realizing his goals, in implementing entrepreneurial projects and contracts with obtaining sufficient profit (income).

To a certain extent, entrepreneurship also reflects the political situation in the country. On the one hand, the conditions and factors of its development depend on the political situation in the country (favorable or unfavorable), and on the other hand, business associations, associations, unions themselves influence the formation of the political situation in the country, taking part in the political activities of the state.

Entrepreneurship is essentially a type of business based on the innovative behavior of enterprise owners, the ability to find and use ideas, and translate them into specific entrepreneurial projects. This is, as a rule, a risky business, and therefore must be carefully substantiated, based on knowledge of the sales market and competitors, without neglecting one’s own intuition and, of course, the support of government agencies.

Thus, entrepreneurship in a generalized sense reflects a set of relationships (economic, social, organizational, personal, etc.) associated with the organization by entrepreneurs of their business, with the production of goods (works, services) and obtaining the desired results in the form of profit (income).

Behind the concept of “entrepreneurship” is a “business”, an enterprise, the production of a product (useful thing) or service (intangible product). Entrepreneurial activity is often called business.

The term “business” translated from English “business” means business, occupation, trade, commerce. A businessman is a business person who strives to make his activities profitable. The word “business” is not used in legislation, but the term “entrepreneurship” is widely used.

Business is a broader concept than entrepreneurial activity, since business refers to the completion of any single one-time commercial transactions, in any field of activity, aimed at generating income (profit).

Entrepreneurship also reflects the system of relationships that entrepreneurs as economic entities have with each other (financial, economic, social), as well as with consumers of their products (works, services), suppliers of all factors of production (raw materials, materials, equipment, fuel, electricity etc.), with banks and other market entities, with hired workers (employees) and, finally, with the state represented by the relevant executive authorities and local governments.

The concept of “entrepreneurship” in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of an Entrepreneur: “Entrepreneurship” (entrepreneurial activity) is an independent, initiative activity of citizens aimed at generating profit or personal income and carried out on their own behalf, at their own risk and under their own property responsibility or on behalf and under property liability of a legal entity (enterprise).”

An entrepreneur may carry out any type of business activity not prohibited by law, including commercial intermediation, trade and purchasing, consulting and other activities, as well as transactions with securities.”

One of the key concepts in civil and business law is the concept of entrepreneurial activity, which has general meaning for individual entrepreneurs (individuals) and collective entrepreneurs (legal entities). Currently, the normative definition of this concept is contained in paragraph. 3 p. 1 art. 2 Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that individuals and commercial organizations, as a general rule, participate in business activities on equal legal terms.

Entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at one’s own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.

The above definition contains a number of features that allow us to distinguish entrepreneurship from other types of activities of citizens and legal entities. In the legal literature, the systems of these characteristics are grouped in different ways, depending on the various bases of classification. At the same time, in accordance with the logic of presentation of this definition in paragraph. 3 p. 1 art. 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, four signs can be consistently identified that serve as initial arguments for resolving the issue of classifying a specific activity as entrepreneurial. At the same time, only those activities that are characterized by all of the following characteristics in aggregate can be recognized as legal business activity.

The first sign is independence in carrying out entrepreneurial activities.

The second sign is closely related to the first - the entrepreneur acts at his own risk.

The third sign is that the purpose of entrepreneurial activity is to systematically obtain profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services.

The fourth sign of legal entrepreneurial activity characterizes its participants.

The fifth sign is innovation. Entrepreneurial activity should not be understood as any activity related to the production and sale of goods and services, but only associated with the mandatory involvement in the economic process of an innovative, search element, which may consist of various moments - the search and development of a new market, the production of new goods through changes profile of existing production or foundation of a new enterprise; introduction of new methods of organizing production, monitoring product quality, new equipment and technologies; finding and using new sources of material and financial resources.

2.12.2. The most important features of entrepreneurship
2.12.3. The main content of entrepreneurship in the field of production

2.12.1. Entrepreneurship– an integral part of the economic activities of managers and specialists of enterprises, commercial and financial organizations. Entrepreneurship is one of the most active forms of economic activity. People's behavior goes beyond ordinary patterns when they risk something (property, loss of popularity, money, position, etc.).

Entrepreneurs do not always know whether they will sell all their goods (services) and how profitably. They take risks: after all, similar goods and services come to the market from other manufacturers. This circumstance precisely creates the conditions for the emergence of such activity, which is expressed in the eternal search for improving one’s situation in comparison with the existing one, and always forces one to do something in order to prosper and develop.

Entrepreneurship – is the process of creating something new that has value, and entrepreneur - This is a person who spends all his strength on it, takes all the risks, receiving money and satisfaction with what he has achieved as a reward.

In accordance with Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation entrepreneurial activity – independent activity carried out at one's own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.

2.12.2. To the most important features of entrepreneurship relate:

· autonomy and independence of economic entities. Any entrepreneur is free to make a decision on a particular issue, but within the framework of legal norms;

· economic interest. One of the main goals of entrepreneurship is to obtain the maximum possible profit. Pursuing his purely personal interests of obtaining a high income, the entrepreneur also contributes to the achievement of public interest;

· economic risk and liability. With any, even the most verified, calculations, uncertainty and risk remain.

All of the above signs of entrepreneurship are interconnected and operate simultaneously.

2.12.3. The main content of entrepreneurship in the field of production is concluded It involves finding and creating demand for products (work performed, services provided) and satisfying it by manufacturing (creating) and selling products (work performed, services provided) as goods.

Business entities There can be either individual individuals or associations of partners. Individuals, as business entities, act in this capacity by organizing a sole or family enterprise. Thus, in accordance with Article 23 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a citizen has the right to engage in entrepreneurial activity without forming a legal entity from the moment of state registration as an individual entrepreneur. The rules that regulate the activities of legal entities that are commercial organizations are accordingly applied to entrepreneurial activities of citizens carried out without forming a legal entity. Such entrepreneurs may limit themselves to spending their own labor or use hired labor.

2.13. Entrepreneurial activity, forms of implementation, entrepreneurship formula and entrepreneur’s capital

Definition of the concept of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in modern scientific literature

In principle, there will be great difficulties in defining the concept of “entrepreneurship”, since this will require studying its content from a historical perspective, from a sociocultural aspect, from the point of view of motivation and influence on social development.

Currently, there is a fairly significant number of scientific works and special literature devoted to the problems of entrepreneurship. It is studied in economics and law, sociology and psychology, history and philosophy, ethics and cultural studies, as well as a number of other scientific disciplines.

Interest in the study of entrepreneurship in our country today has really grown significantly. And this is partly due to the development of market relations, the construction of civil society and corresponding changes in the system of social relations. And no matter how large the amount of published literature is, there are just as many different interpretations of this phenomenon. The palette of definitions of the concept of “entrepreneurship” is quite wide: from the everyday designation, where anyone working in the non-state sector of the economy can be considered an entrepreneur, to the “sublime”, where entrepreneurship is defined as “a type of activity that successfully combines science, art, poetry, creative thought, moderate risk, sports and the lifestyle of a business person."

Let's try to give those definitions of entrepreneur and entrepreneurship that are available in the literature used for this scientific research; This will help to further identify the essence of this phenomenon.

"An entrepreneur is a pioneer in the formation of civil society, an important factor in social progress." This is “a revolutionary in economics, breaking established traditions.” "Entrepreneurship is a systemic integrity, an element of a market economy."

“Entrepreneurship is a special kind of economic and organizational activity”, “a powerful factor in transforming people’s consciousness, liberating the individual through creativity.”

“Entrepreneurship is the product of a centuries-old, deliberate, purposeful practice of adapting a person and humanity to the world around him,” “a social institution,” “a lever of civilized regulation of the needs initially given to man by nature in understanding and satisfying his interests and needs.”

“An entrepreneur is a person who spends the necessary time and effort and takes financial, psychological and social risks, receiving money and satisfaction as a reward.” "Entrepreneurship is a dynamic process of wealth creation" requiring "organizational talent, creativity, a desire to grow wealth, and a willingness to take risks." It is “the process of creating something new that has value, absorbing time and effort, involving the assumption of financial, moral and social responsibility, a process that results in monetary income and personal satisfaction with what has been achieved.”

The variety of definitions of entrepreneurship is due to the peculiarities of this phenomenon, which consists in the high dynamics of variability of its content and forms. Our idea of ​​it changes in accordance with the development of this phenomenon itself.

All these definitions, one way or another, demonstrate the distinctive features of the phenomenon of entrepreneurship itself, entrepreneurial behavior, and are characteristics of the social portrait of an entrepreneur and the motivations for his activities. And even on the basis of the above, some collective image of an entrepreneur can be compiled, but it is unlikely to be complete; it will also not satisfy the purpose of this study.

Some researchers note that “this phenomenon can be considered insufficiently studied” even in foreign literature, despite the fact that interest in its study does not subside to this day; that it “does not have a clear definition of the concept of entrepreneur” and is most often satisfied with stating the very fact of its existence; that the debate is mainly about the distinctive and socially significant features of an entrepreneur.

Some authors point to a similar lack of a clear definition of this term, interpretation of its content in domestic reference literature, or point to the vagueness of its definition, which makes it possible to identify an entrepreneur with a manager, businessman, etc.

Other researchers consider it important to note that entrepreneurship is a developing phenomenon and in it there is also a division of labor and the formation of corresponding specific “entrepreneurial groups”, which “are so dissimilar to each other that they will soon become cramped within the framework of one explanatory concept, which means they will need more subtle analytical tools."

The role of the entrepreneur in the world in the historical aspect is undoubtedly changing, as well as the idea of ​​him and the content of this concept is changing. In particular, in each country it can have its own content, reflecting the specific socio-cultural characteristics of the development of a given society. If even “any economic problem, being essentially universal, can have its own social aspect, determined by the characteristics of the country,” then this can fully be attributed to the phenomenon of entrepreneurship, which is not only socio-economic in nature, but also psychological, historical and etc.

The literature being studied indicates the origin of the term “entrepreneur” and even the “fatherhood” of its appearance by the famous English economist, who also developed one of the first concepts of entrepreneurship - Richard Cantillon. In his understanding, an entrepreneur is, first of all, “a person operating under risk conditions,” since all categories of workers that he classifies as entrepreneurs: traders, farmers, artisans, one way or another operate under risk conditions - they buy at a certain price and sell unknown in advance.

It is noted here that the concept of “intermediary” (entrepreneur) can be considered as preceding the appearance of the term entrepreneur, and then the development of this term occurs in accordance with the division of entrepreneurial functions proper - into investing money in order to make a profit ("venture capitalists" appear - owners of capital) and to force capital to work to meet social needs (this is how businessmen - employers) appear. The reason for this division was the so-called industrial revolution, which occurred in the 18th century and managed to identify and delimit these two main functions.

The end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries can be characterized by the fact that the concept of an entrepreneur was essentially identical to the concept of a manager - at this time the greatest emphasis was placed on the economic aspect of entrepreneurial activity: an entrepreneur is considered to be someone who organizes and manages an enterprise for personal gain, and at the same time bears responsibility for any losses, including those that occur through no fault of his own. And only by the middle of the twentieth century there was a distinction between these concepts. "The entrepreneur operates in an unstructured environment" characterized by rapid change, and "the manager operates within a structured management hierarchy." “A manager is characterized by purposefulness in actions, dictated by a fairly strict logic of development and preservation of existing organizational and economic structures,” and “an entrepreneur has the ability to set unique goals and design business goals.”

The most complete distinction between the two concepts of “entrepreneur” and “manager” was made by V.V. Marchenko, who notes that today in the West these are two different professions, fundamentally distinguishable: in the type of strategic orientation and in the approach to the implementation of the plan, in the form of acquisition or attracting resources and methods of using them, including differences in the organizational structure of the respective business enterprises.

If an entrepreneur is focused on finding new opportunities for the development of the enterprise, then a manager is focused on implementing the plan and efficiently using available resources. The success of entrepreneurial activity is determined by his ability to quickly navigate and act, and the activity of a manager is determined by his commitment to the established order. An entrepreneur strives for flexible use of funds, looking for opportunities to temporarily attract them, while a manager is interested in accumulating and inflating funds. An entrepreneur, one way or another, attracts resources from outside from time to time, the manager recruits work using the available resources. And finally, the organizational structure of a managerial enterprise is, as a rule, characterized by a hierarchy with strict observance of subordination; on the contrary, in an entrepreneurial organization horizontal connections, including predominantly informal ones, are more developed.

It can be said that since the mid-twentieth century, the concept of an entrepreneur generally corresponds to its main today's interpretation - “innovator”. Innovation, the “ability to invent” itself, is something that is characteristic of any person, what distinguishes him from the animal world, and yet this trait is considered as an integral characteristic of entrepreneurial activity.

Entrepreneurship can be considered to have originated in the West; the “entrepreneur” is the “child” of capitalism and the “bearer of the capitalist way of life.” The development of entrepreneurship also had its own ideological roots. So, for example, “Protestantism” can to a certain extent be considered “as the ideology of entrepreneurship. Lutheranism - as the ideology of professional excellence. Calvinism - as the worldview of entrepreneurs and financiers.” Entrepreneurs, of course, are also the creators of civil society.

But entrepreneurship, in a sense, is a universal phenomenon that is generally inherent in human society; the latter can be quite convincingly substantiated when analyzing the distinctive features of entrepreneurial activity and the motives for engaging in it.

And yet, the specifics of Russian society, its sociocultural characteristics allow us to talk about differences in domestic and foreign interpretations of this concept.

In Western literature, entrepreneurship is often associated with the capitalist mode of production and the desire to maximize profits; it is generally of an economic nature. Entrepreneurship can be interpreted as “everything new that is not prohibited by law and brings profit” - in this understanding it can be considered synonymous with the concept of “business” - “making money from money through useful productive activities.”

N. Smelser defines an entrepreneur as “a person who increases capital and risks investing it in a business that promises to return the invested amount plus profit; a central figure in the process of development of capitalism and modernization.”

The specifics of the Russian state can be determined by the fact that by the beginning of the revolution, capitalist relations could not be called developed in comparison with the West. At present, they have only just begun to develop after a long period of denial of their positive impact on social development. Russia has been weaned off entrepreneurship for 70 years. In this regard, the concept of entrepreneurship may already have a significant difference from its foreign understanding.

Until the recent past, the concept of entrepreneur was used in the context of the criminal code, which had an article of a corresponding nature. And this undoubtedly influenced the development of entrepreneurship in Russia, especially at the initial stage. Moreover, the researchers noted a negative attitude towards entrepreneurship itself and entrepreneurs, since the majority of the population considered the latter to be recruits from the criminal environment. This is how the respondents in the first years of perestroika formulated their attitude towards entrepreneurs: they are “mafiosi”, “businessmen who came out of the underground”, “an element associated with the criminal world” who is “cruel to strangers, but generous to their own”, he is “integrated into the power structures ", "poorly educated and prone to liking women and alcohol."

But life confirmed otherwise. Talk about the legalization of the shadow economy was not entirely true, since here we are talking about a fundamental difference in the “rules of the game.” Only that part of the shadow economy contingent that could be interested in changing these rules and was potentially capable of adapting to new forms of interaction could become entrepreneurs. And research confirms the fact that today “the work of former black marketeers and speculators in market conditions motivates them to advocate honesty and integrity in business transactions.” Thus, most entrepreneurs in the past were not at all involved in shadow business relations.

Currently, the concept of entrepreneurship is legalized and used in legislative acts. For example, in the law “On Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activities”, where the latter has its own interpretation - “entrepreneurial activity is an initiative, independent activity of citizens, their associations, aimed at making a profit”, and it is also stated here that it “is carried out at your own risk and under the property liability" of the entrepreneurs themselves, "within the limits determined by the organizational and legal form of the enterprise" (Article 1). In the Civil Code, Art. 2 of which clarifies the target orientation of this activity - “systematic receipt of profit in the manner prescribed by law.”

This is the so-called legal definition of the essence of entrepreneurship, although it was actually born of social practice and subsequently received its legislative design and consolidation.

But legal formulations do not reveal the essence of entrepreneurship, its multilateral and diverse connection with social life.

To understand what entrepreneurship is, you should know what social and economic conditions are necessary for its development. Thus, the key pillar for its successful existence in the country is the recognition of private property. The state is also obliged to support small and medium-sized businesses so that their economy develops and the funds raised by representatives of these structures regularly flow into the treasury.

Entrepreneurship concept

Entrepreneurship is its own business, a private enterprise that produces certain goods and provides certain services to the population. It is the key to the successful development of a market economy, in particular its small and medium forms.

Entrepreneurship, regardless of its form, represents a certain activity of the subject (entrepreneur) and is in one way or another associated with economic risks for him. The main task of an entrepreneur is not only to be able to produce goods or provide this or that service, but also to understand whether there is a demand for them and to ensure supply. From this point of view, entrepreneurship is always a certain risk.

This type of activity is universal; it can be carried out in different areas that are closer to the owner. Among them:

• industrial sector;
• scientific;
• informational;
• consumer;
• service and others.

What conditions are most comfortable for the development of entrepreneurship?

It is worth understanding that entrepreneurship is a concept entirely dependent on the state system. At the same time, the most successful system for the normal development of entrepreneurial activity on the territory of the state is capitalism, where, first of all, private property dominates and there is no state hegemony, as was the case in the Soviet Union.

As you know, in Soviet times in our country, private property and own business were not only not encouraged, but were also criminally punishable, as a result of which business went into the shadows, and the economy still declined. Successful entrepreneurship is impossible without decent competition, as well as without the recognition of private property as its basis.

Among other conditions that are necessary for the normal development of entrepreneurial activity in the state, the following can be mentioned:

• stability of the economic situation in the country;
• preferential tax treatment;
• developed support for entrepreneurship from the state;
• an effective system to protect intellectual property;
• access to foreign markets for entrepreneurs;
• affordable lending to small and medium-sized businesses.

What is a small business

A small business or small entrepreneurship is an enterprise that does not claim to be a leader in its field and is limited to a small staff and a sole manager. However, in some cases there may be two owners, or the business may be a family business, where the manager is a figurehead.

Small businesses do not require significant financial investments, technical equipment and other needs are kept to a minimum, but the ability to create demand for their products and regularly pay taxes to the state treasury make small businesses key in shaping the state’s economy.

Many small companies have social significance and make it possible to unite socially vulnerable groups of citizens, providing them with jobs, which is very important both for unemployment rates and for the social protection of citizens.

Features of medium-sized businesses and significance for the country’s economy

A medium-sized business differs from a small business, first of all, in that its owner is not also the main investor, but is under the control of the company's investor-shareholders, performing exclusively managerial functions. In addition, the manager can simultaneously be one of the shareholders of the company. Naturally, in a medium-sized business we are talking about larger investments than in a small one, so efforts are combined and a joint-stock company is created.

Enterprises of this type are very important for the successful development of the country, because the economy and entrepreneurship are always interconnected, regardless of what features of its operation exist on the territory of a particular state.

Naturally, the development of small and medium-sized businesses in different countries has its own mental characteristics and forms, and they are also influenced by the industrial level of the state, social conditions and other factors.

The undoubted advantages of working in small companies are:

• flexibility in making business decisions;
• rapid adoption of market innovations and implementation of global trends;
• operational turnover of funds;
• high level of production and labor productivity.

Types of small and medium-sized businesses

The choice of field of activity depends on many factors, in particular on the location, on the social and economic characteristics of the region, standard of living, infrastructure and other factors.

Thus, the most common areas in which small and medium-sized businesses in Russia are represented are the following:

• retail and wholesale trade in food and general non-food products;
• real estate transactions;
• transport services (private and corporate transportation, cargo transportation);
• communication services (for example, Internet);
• utility and personal services (apartment renovation and household repair services);
• construction (private and multi-apartment);
• catering;
• services;
• childcare services (private kindergartens, early development centers, nanny and babysitter exchanges);
• leisure sector (amusement parks);
• health and beauty sector;
• mini-production (clothing, food, consumer goods);
• social business.

Entrepreneurship in Russia

Many people, out of ignorance, believe that entrepreneurship is a relatively new phenomenon for our country, and before the collapse of the USSR, this simply did not exist in our country, but this is not so.

The development of entrepreneurial activity in Russia dates back to the merchant class, when merchants were engaged in the sale of certain overseas goods back in tsarist times. In addition, the beginnings of private property and business in the Soviet Union were noted in the late 1920s during the NEP. However, from the 30s until the 80s, private enterprise was prohibited and punished by law, sometimes even capital punishment was used as a punishment.

And only during “perestroika”, already in 1987, was a law regulating individual labor activity adopted, which marked the beginning of the modern development of entrepreneurship in our country. It was then that the foundations of entrepreneurship were born in the Soviet Union, which later allowed private business to develop in Russia.

State and business

It is quite natural for a market economy when the state is considered a full-fledged subject and owns enterprises that are not profitable for private structures from an economic point of view, but have one or another strategic importance for the country. This type of activity is state entrepreneurship, which involves full financing of certain enterprises.

Among the areas that most often fall into this sphere of influence are the following:

• science and technology;
• energy;
• defense;
• connection;
• roads;
• transport;
• ecology and much more.

It is worth adding that even if a particular enterprise is under the full control of the state, it can still have its own shareholders; the state has a controlling stake in the company. In addition, there are often cases when such enterprises operate on a concession basis and lease out natural and industrial resources owned by the country on a commercial basis.

How the state promotes entrepreneurship development

In Russia, there are a number of laws and programs according to which state support for entrepreneurship is provided. These include subsidies and loans, as well as various regional programs to support young businessmen.

Business support programs include the following:

• subsidies for loan funds that were taken out for the purchase of equipment for a business;
• compensation for the participation of young entrepreneurs in industry exhibitions;
• subsidies for opening innovative business projects;
• social entrepreneurship subsidies;
• subsidizing projects in the field of folk crafts and handicrafts;
• other programs.

Concept for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia

The Industry Ministry has developed a special concept for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia, which will accelerate the development of entrepreneurship in the country and its state of the economy. So, according to this concept, by 2020 the Russian Federation will have the following indicators in this area:

• the total share of small and medium-sized businesses will be about 50% of the country's GDP;
• their share in the number of existing business entities will increase to 90%;
• the share of small enterprises that operate in the trade sector will decrease, and the share in such areas as social entrepreneurship, healthcare, information technology, science, etc. will increase.

State plans for the development of business entities

As mentioned earlier, successful entrepreneurship is a concept that is inextricably linked with the conditions that the state creates for it, and the key to the development of the country’s economy.

The plans of the Russian government on the way to the development of entrepreneurial activity of small and medium-sized businesses include the following measures:

• assistance in the creation of facilities that will provide assistance to entities engaged in such activities;
• special programs to support entrepreneurship focused on the export of goods;
• microfinance;
• development of a lending system for small and medium-sized businesses;
• a more advanced regulatory framework, which provides for a reduction in administrative restrictions when opening a small business;
• creation of a developed network of business incubators and much more.

Features of doing business in the social sphere

Social entrepreneurship in Russia is one of the most developing areas of business. According to representatives of the Social Business Development Fund, such an area appeared in our country less than ten years ago, and now there is already a developed infrastructure of entities and there are many who want to invest in this area of ​​activity, the main task of which is mutual assistance.

However, for most Russians this concept is still unclear. What is this, let's figure it out.

Thus, social business is a business that not only provides profit to its owner, but is also capable of solving certain problems of a social nature. Social work can be carried out by representatives of any form of activity, including small and medium-sized businesses.

The following points can be called signs of this direction of entrepreneurial activity:

• solving certain social problems, for example, employing people with disabilities or providing them with certain services;
• application of unique solutions to solve public problems;
• ability to study the market and ensure the return on investment of the project.

Examples of social business in Russia and in the world are:

• private clinic for the poor;
• enterprise for the collection and processing of hazardous waste;
• travel company for people with disabilities;
• other projects that allow the owner to make a profit and at the same time solve certain social problems, in particular waste disposal and help the poor and people with disabilities.

Prospects for business development in crisis conditions

We learned what entrepreneurship is and how it interacts with the government apparatus, and also found out what small and medium-sized businesses are.

However, it is worth noting that the classical approach to doing business in times of crisis may turn out to be completely ineffective, as well as the selection of the area in which the entrepreneur plans to operate.

That is why in times of crisis you should study the market especially carefully, pay attention to the economic and social situation in the state and calculate in advance the possible risks that starting your own business may entail.

Many people mistakenly assume that opening your own business during a crisis is dangerous, but this is not at all true. As at any other time, there will be a high demand for something, and a lower demand for something, and it is important to be able to create it exactly for what, theoretically, can be in demand even in difficult times.

Thrift stores, budget cafeterias, second-hand stores and other things are all products that appeared against the backdrop of crisis situations. They are in demand both during a crisis and in a completely prosperous one. It is only important to find the right time for your implementation in order to make a profit from it, regardless of the economic situation in the country or in the world.

Those who seek only certain profits are unlikely to become very rich;

and who invests all their property in risky enterprises, and often

goes bankrupt and falls into poverty; Therefore, it is necessary to combine risk with

known security in case of loss.

Francis Bacon (1561–1626),

English philosopher

In Roman law, “entrepreneurship” was considered as an occupation, business,

activities, especially commercial ones. Quite a simple and very capacious definition

entrepreneurship is given by V.I. Dal: “to undertake” means “to start, to decide

to carry out some new task, to begin to accomplish something significant”:

hence “entrepreneur” means “undertaking” something.

According to modern Russian legislation, under entrepreneurial

activity is understood as “independent activity carried out at one’s own risk,

aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property –

sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in

in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law"

Entrepreneurship concept	Author (book)
Entrepreneurship is an independent activity carried out at one’s own risk, aimed at systematically obtaining profit from the use of property, sale of goods, performance of work or provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law.	Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
Entrepreneurship is understood as a special kind of production and economic activity that includes elements of risk.	R. Catillon
Entrepreneurial activity is “the connection, combination of three classical factors of production - land, labor, capital”	J.B. Say
Entrepreneurship in a market economy is “a self-initiating and self-regulating activity that, in the presence of basic factors of production, arises spontaneously”	A. Smith
Entrepreneurial activity is a connection, a combination of four factors of production - land, labor, capital, organization	A. Marshall
“Entrepreneurship is primarily associated with personal freedom, which gives a person the opportunity to rationally manage his abilities, knowledge, information and income.” The essence of entrepreneurship is “the search and exploration of new opportunities, a characteristic of behavior, not a type of activity”	F. Hayek
“Entrepreneurship is about innovation, and the entrepreneur himself is a courageous person with original thinking who achieves the successful implementation of new ideas”	P. Drucker
Organizing your own business, in its diversification, in the introduction of intra-company entrepreneurship, in the formation of an entrepreneurial management style"	R. Barr
“Entrepreneurship is an independent activity of citizens, carried out on their own initiative and aimed at making a profit”	A. A. Krupanin
“Entrepreneurship is “production and commercial activity organized on the basis of economic, legally legislated freedom, private initiative and entrepreneurship	A. I. Semenenko
Entrepreneurship is “a form of business activity based on risk and an innovative approach to the system of existing economic (economic) relations, in which the production and supply of goods to the market is focused on generating business income (profit)”	A. V. Busygin
Knyazev S.N. Management: art, science, practice: Textbook / S.N. Knyazev. – Mn.: Armita-Marketing, Management, 2002. – P. 84-85.

Entrepreneurship is usually defined as:

---------------- as an activity aimed at maximizing profits;

　initiative activity of entrepreneurs, which consists in production

goods and services, the result of which is profit;

---------------- process of organizational innovation;

---------------- direct function of the sale of property;

---------------- actions aimed at increasing capital and developing production;

---------------- a specific type of activity aimed at the tireless search for changes in

existing forms of life of enterprises and society, the constant implementation of these

changes;

---------------- as a management style;

rav the process of organizing and carrying out activities in market conditions;

---------------- interaction between market subjects, etc.

Considering entrepreneurship as a product of a market economy in

historical aspect, it is clear that the development of a market economy is a catalyst

changes in entrepreneurship, namely: organizational forms,

entrepreneurial functions, scale and scope of application. Respectively,

terminological essence and content included in the concept

“entrepreneurship” changed and were streamlined in the process of economic development

entrepreneurship was A. Smith. However, ten years before, these problems

R. Cantillon studied very intensively. It was he who formulated the thesis, according to

which discrepancies between supply and demand in the market provide an opportunity

individual subjects of market relations to buy goods cheaper and sell them

It was he who called these market subjects entrepreneurs (“entrepreneur” - in

translated from French as “intermediary”), and new phenomena of economic activity -

entrepreneurship.

The specificity of entrepreneurship is expressed in a continuously ongoing chain

exchange transactions, but exchange itself becomes a source of entrepreneurship

only when it turns into an integral part of a single economic turnover, and

production for exchange becomes the defining function of economic entities.

It is in exchange that entrepreneurship identifies itself as a special type

economic behavior, and the stage of exchange becomes decisive. External

manifestations of the essential features of entrepreneurship - initiative, risk, combination

factors of production and innovation - reflect various functional aspects

activities for carrying out entrepreneurship and are considered as its

signs.

Entrepreneurial initiative is of an economic nature and is associated with

the presence of market uncertainty and economic freedom. In this sense she

should be considered not as a property of human nature, but as a desire for

realizing the opportunities provided by the process of market exchange itself

benefit. Since such an exchange is carried out for mutual benefit

participants in this process, then entrepreneurial initiative should be associated with

benefiting by satisfying social needs. That's why

redistribution of existing goods in one's favor, and the creation of additional ones.

Thanks to entrepreneurial initiative, market disruption occurs

equilibrium both in the sphere of circulation and in the sphere of production.

Another sign of entrepreneurship is commercial risk, different from

simple risk in that its acceptance is associated with a focus on market circulation

instability and uncertainty arising not only due to variability

market conditions (changes in market conditions, prices, offers), but also as a reaction to

initiatives of entrepreneurs) in their favor, in the form of a certain reward, and

not with the entrepreneurs' appetite for risk.

Although entrepreneurial activity is associated with the satisfaction of social

needs, the entrepreneur assumes property risk not from

charitable motives. Entrepreneurial incentive

activity is material interest - profit that can be received in

as a result of market exchange and is the result of better use of resources in

process of economic turnover.

Innovation, which became a symbol of entrepreneurship in the twentieth century, as an element

is always present in it, since activity in conditions of instability and

uncertainty requires the entrepreneur to be constantly inventive and

creative approach. In this regard, it is especially important to emphasize that economically

point of view, innovation is not a discovery or an invention, but

practical implementation of an entrepreneurial idea, more precisely, commercialization

new technical, technological, organizational and other achievements.

An inventor is not yet an innovator. He becomes such only when he realizes

yourself as an entrepreneur, that is, a person fighting for high results

management. First, the best way to overcome market uncertainty is

this is a change in the market situation itself in a direction favorable to oneself, which is possible

only through innovation. Secondly, acquiring sustainable

market advantages are also only possible through innovation. That's why

The real reason that motivates entrepreneurs to innovate is

competition between them. Innovation is one of the main features

entrepreneurship, giving him the opportunity to interact with the environment

environment. Not intuition and the ability to predict the market reaction, but creative

activities to change the market conditions themselves become decisive

factor of entrepreneurship.

As a form of manifestation of the creative potential of an individual, innovation, of course,

associated with the human factor. But as a phenomenon of economic life it is, first of all,

everything depends on the character

Thus, the economic content of the innovative function

entrepreneurship is to expand market demand. Entrepreneurship as a special type of economic behavior realizes its properties (initiative, risk, combination and innovation in conditions of competitive interaction of economic entities). Therefore, the substantive moment of entrepreneurial activity will be

manifest themselves not only in gaining advantages, but also in creating the best for themselves

business conditions (the main specific feature of entrepreneurship as a type

economic behavior). The result will be entrepreneurial benefit as

reflection of realized competitive advantages.

In this regard, entrepreneurship is most correctly defined as a process

influencing material culture. By virtue of its innovation and through

using new technologies, new products are created and new ones are stimulated

needs.

In some works, entrepreneurship is contrasted with economic

activities that are devoid of common sense. For it is absolutely clear that all economic

activity cannot be innovation, since innovation is a form

manifestation of accumulated results in the process of economic activity, which in

subsequently generates an idea.

In our country, the terms “entrepreneurship” and “business” are used as

synonyms; Entrepreneurship is the Russian name for business.

The terminological difference is that a business uses

disruption of market equilibrium caused by entrepreneurship. In this case

the businessman will receive additional income as a result of the implemented initiative. WITH

over time, when more and more businessmen introduce the latest

technology, uses the technology of the entrepreneur, the market will level the conditions for

production and circulation, and in accordance with the law of utility additional income

will be reduced. Declining income forces businessmen to spend

diversification, helping to restore market equilibrium.

Thus, entrepreneurship differs from business in only one way

essential property - innovation, leading to disruption of market

balance.

Entrepreneurship in the broad sense, as opposed to business, occurs

much less often; "an entrepreneur who has remained so" for decades,

is as rare as a businessman who has never been in ordinary life

at least a little bit of an entrepreneur,” that is, we are dealing with business. Businessman can

do business all your life and not be an entrepreneur, but the entire market

economy without entrepreneurship as a socio-economic phenomenon

cannot exist.

In everyday life, the equivalence of these terms is allowed, because the term

"entrepreneurship" corresponds to the term "business" in the broad sense of the word. In a specific case, when we are talking about the fundamental difference between these concepts, it is necessary to clarify this.

So, entrepreneurship is a special type of economic activity, the essence

which is to stimulate and satisfy society’s demand for

the specific needs of its members through market exchange and aimed at

gaining competitive advantages through disruption of market equilibrium.

Changes in the interpretation of the concept of “entrepreneurship” must be considered

only in the process of historical development of the market economy, which imposed

certain accents in the content of the term “entrepreneurship”.

In accordance with the accepted structure of the reproduction process (production,

exchange, distribution, consumption) there are four main spheres of entrepreneurship: production, commercial, financial and consumption.

Other types of business activities (for example, innovative,

marketing) are included in the four main areas of entrepreneurship.

Non-state public organizations are emerging to support entrepreneurship.

professional organizations that can indirectly influence management

economies of regions and sometimes countries. Public professional organizations

act as unifying bodies for disparate independently operating

business organizations in one or related areas of the economy.

For example, in St. Petersburg, more than

30 public professional organizations (unions of architects, restorers,

glaziers, producers of dry mixes, etc., associations, design organizations,

housebuilders, etc.). Particular influence on the activities of investment-

construction complex (CC) are provided by public non-profit

professional organizations: Union of Construction Associations and Organizations, Union

construction companies, Soyuzpetrostroy.

The main task of the ISC is aimed at establishing fruitful contacts between

its participants, representing the interests of organizations working in the region’s ICC, in

government bodies, submitting projects to public hearings and

solving emerging problems and creating a positive image of the St. Petersburg ISK.

In all industrialized countries it enjoys government support

small business. Where there is no government support,

Mainly so-called street entrepreneurship is developing.

2. Goals of entrepreneurial activity.

The concept of “goal” at first glance seems understandable without additional

explanations. Although it seems to have a self-evident meaning, it actually

belongs to the complex categories of sociology, philosophy, economics, and management.

The goal is an ideal mental anticipation of the result of an entrepreneurial

activities. This is an object of aspiration, a pre-planned final plan,

expected result of an entrepreneur's action. Founder of strategic

planning and management I. Ansoff defines the goal as a criterion of success or failure

entrepreneur.

Goals guide and regulate entrepreneurial activity because it

entirely aimed at achieving them.

The processes of setting and achieving goals for entrepreneurs are constantly changing

each other.

A new goal for an entrepreneur is a stimulating factor. However, more

Some entrepreneurs need recognition for achieving their success; they are capable

take full blame for failures.

The main issue that an entrepreneur must resolve is

determining the goals of your business activity.

If goals are not defined, then their establishment is one of the most important and difficult

tasks of business management. In this case, the formation

goals of business activity represents the primary goal of managing this

activities, which is most clearly manifested in economic planning

activities of the organization, investment and financial processes, management

costs.

The main goal of entrepreneurial activity, which is determined by the

the essence of entrepreneurship is to stimulate and satisfy

society's demand for the specific needs of its members (region, country). However this is not

the only goal of entrepreneurship, and besides it there is a whole system

various purposes (including private ones, but no less important).

The main goal of an entrepreneur is to maximize his ability to satisfy

complex of socio-economic needs of an entrepreneur in the conditions

uncertainty, which is specified under the influence of the external environment, based on

possibilities of the internal environment and from his past, as well as from the performed

entrepreneurial unit of functions.

units, an entrepreneur must set certain goals for himself in the same way,

as he did before its creation. These goals may vary. The most typical

are:

􀀀 development goals of business units are to change

quantitative parameters and quality of functioning of business units

to transfer to the desired, more favorable state, characterized by better

values ​​of target indicators. Development goals may consist of defining

level of quality and efficient production financed by it, reaching

a certain level of production and consumption, meeting needs

consumers;

􀀀 purposes of maintaining business units in the state she has achieved

arise in conditions when it is necessary to consolidate this state, because it satisfies

entrepreneur or caused by the danger of deterioration of this condition, which must

prevent;

􀀀 the goal of getting out of an undesirable state or goals of further decline, ensuring

exit from the crisis are typical for a situation where the parameters, indicators

the functioning of business units is significantly below the normative level

level, do not satisfy the entrepreneur’s goals and requests

consumers, significantly worse than the condition of similar objects. Purpose

the entrepreneur in this situation is to overcome the recession, avoiding indicators

maximum permissible level, stabilization of the socio-economic situation and

creating the preconditions for recovery.

Along with these fairly general global goals, it is also possible

real narrower, local goals, covering individual areas, types of not only entrepreneurial, but also social activities related to the solution

private problems, implementation of projects, programs.

For example, goals could be:

---------------- accumulation of funds to conquer new markets and development

production;

----------------improving the social conditions of employees of business units;

---------------- optimization of customer demand for the products of business units;

　providing assistance in improving the ethical and moral standards of society, improving

consumer culture, etc.

As a rule, such local limited goals are subordinated and included in

the listed general goals of the entrepreneur corresponding to public goals.

But the goals of business units do not always coincide with the goals of the founders,

managers and team. Moreover, there may be inconsistency in target

aspirations within business units, which is most typical in

entrepreneurship. The discrepancy and contradictory interests of people who are

members of business units, can and does lead to destructive consequences for business units.

The most dangerous in this regard are the divergences between the goals of the entrepreneur and the members

collectives of business units, covered by demagogic assurances

entrepreneurs that they act in the interests of the team. True goals

entrepreneurs turn out to be veiled, hidden,

the entrepreneurial unit loses its goal orientation and, instead of

organize and orient it towards achieving common goals, introduce disorganization,

lead to low operating efficiency, and even to destruction and bankruptcy

business units.

The decisive condition for the development of business units is unity of goals

entrepreneur and team members. Naturally, achieving complete compliance with goals is not possible. But there must be a harmony of interests, a certain level of coincidence of goals for all participants

entrepreneurial activity, the transition beyond which is unacceptable.

The goals of entrepreneurs depend on the external environment, and vice versa, the choice of external

The entrepreneur's environment depends on his goals.

The goals of any business unit (since social and

economic processes) are significantly related to the needs of people and their

satisfaction. Any economic entity, starting from the individual

entrepreneur, small enterprise and ending with the country's economy, functioning,

acts in the name of human consumption. As you know, a need is a need,

the need for consumption, use of a certain amount of goods and services,

ensuring livelihoods and bringing people satisfaction of their desires. IN

ultimately – it is the satisfaction of quantitatively and qualitatively changing

people's needs and constitutes the main goal of the economy, and therefore

entrepreneurial activity.

Purposes of a business unit (excluding corporate structures)

have a limited time horizon. For example, for an entrepreneur,

implementing the idea of ​​producing innovative products, the goal of which is to raise

business organization to the level necessary for its profitable sale

(to bring another entrepreneurial idea to life), time horizon

limited to the moment of sale or merger, since after this new resources appear

and new perspectives.

Goals can be short-term or long-term.

Long-term goals are achieved over a long period of time. That's why

they, aimed at maintaining and increasing profitability, must be supported

decisions to provide resources for long-term needs such as

research and development (R&D), creation of new production facilities and

acquisition of equipment, personnel training.

If the behavior of an entrepreneur were determined solely by immediate

goals, such costs would be unjustified. Therefore it is important that

long-term goals aimed at maintaining and increasing profitability,

were installed at the end of a short-term development period.

Short-term and long-term goals assess product and market opportunities in

industry and economy. But in life there are also unforeseen circumstances,

the likelihood of which may be relatively low and the impact on profitability

entrepreneurial unit is huge. This influence can be either negative,

leading to catastrophic consequences (the war in Iraq brought significant

losses for companies that have invested in this country) and positive,

opening up broad prospects for the business unit, for example

the default in 1998 “played into the hands” of, for example, producers of dry building mixtures.

Insurance can reduce risk and innovation can create breakthroughs. For

To achieve this, it is necessary to set another goal - the flexibility of the business unit.

Flexibility can be external, which is achieved by using diversification

impact-minimizing commodity-market investment models and flexibility

internal, expressed in the liquidity of the resources of the entrepreneurial unit.

Any goal as a criterion of success (or failure) consists of three elements: a certain

an attribute designed to verify the fulfillment of a criterion, measurement device or

scale for estimating the magnitude of the attribute and tasks certain value, scale

which the business unit seeks to achieve.

If we take as the main goal of an entrepreneurial unit its attribute -

stimulating and satisfying society's demand for its specific needs

members, then the means of measurement will be the rate of profit over the entire time horizon, and

The task is to optimize this norm.

Profit is an assessment of success and a psychological incentive for an entrepreneur,

indicator of the efficiency of resource use and assessment of investment

opportunities, and, accordingly, a source of entrepreneurship development. Exactly

therefore, an entrepreneur needs to focus his efforts on those factors

that produce profit (and not on profit itself).

To achieve goals, specific tasks are identified and solved

entrepreneurial activity within the framework of current or future policies

entrepreneurial units, which determines the directions and methods of implementation

entrepreneurial activity, its style. All this ensures effective

behavior of business units in existing or changing conditions

environment.

The main goal of intra-company entrepreneurship is to stimulate and

meeting the demand of society for the specific needs of society within the framework

existing commercial organization, and the main goal of the intrapreneur is

maximizing business opportunities in the current

commercial organization.

The goals of intra-company entrepreneurship are formed in the conditions of internal

environment of a commercial organization under the influence of the external environment. It could be:

---------------- need to obtain funds for sustainable development

commercial organization;

---------------- need to create a resource base for future development

commercial organization;

---------------- desire to receive additional profit to the existing one (Fig. 1.10).

The purpose of intra-company entrepreneurship is also to ensure

interests of the organization and the intrapreneur who put forward and implemented

entrepreneurial idea.

To develop intra-company entrepreneurship in an existing organization

traditional type, it is necessary to ensure the entrepreneurial spirit and mechanism

implementation of its capabilities, activities that create conditions for

entrepreneurial activity.

An intrapreneur's responsibilities may include:

​implementation of opportunities to improve products (works, services) that shift

demand curves;

---------------- search for new methods of organizing production and new technologies (affecting

on cost curves);

---------------- development of completely new types of products (works, services), creating

new markets characterized by completely new supply and demand curves.

The main objectives of the development of intra-company entrepreneurship are

creating situations that maximize creative activity, and implementing

innovative abilities.

Problems of entrepreneurial activity and their solutions that contribute to

achieving your goals can be divided into three areas.

Franchises